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William Shakespeare s Macbeth Fate - 1380 Words

In Macbeth, which is written by Shakespeare, fate plays a very important part in the play. Macbeth’s fate is fulfilled when he fulfills the prophecy and apparitions that Shakespeare wrote for him. In other words, Shakespeare wrote Macbeth’s fate. Fate is something that unavoidably happens; fate is very similar, if not the same thing, as destiny. In the play, there is a question of whether or not Shakespeare believes that fate has the power to rule people’s lives. There are many examples of fate in Macbeth that can be looked at to help answer this question. The first instance is that all of the prophecies given to Macbeth come to pass. Secondly, although the witches are powerful enough to tell one’s fate, they are not able to change†¦show more content†¦The first apparition was to beware of Macduff (Ibid., 4.1, p.53). However, it was Macbeth’s fate to not listen to the warning and therefore, he dies at the hands of Macduff. Infact, ea rlier in the play Macbeth says, â€Å" It will have blood: they say blood will have blood,†(Ibid., 3.4, p.45). Shakspeare is having Macbeth realize his own fate that he himself will be murdered. The second apparition is that no child born of woman will hurt Macbeth (Ibid., 4.1, p.54). When Macbeth hears this, he lets his guard down because everyone is born of a woman, right? At the same time, however, it is Macbeth’s fate to die and Shakespeare believes that fate rules people s lives, so how is this possible? In the scene of Macbeth, when Macbeth is fighting with Macduff he learns that Macduff was not born of woman, he was actually born by c-section. Shakespeare manage to not contradict the apparitions and still show that fate has the power to rule. The last apparition is that â€Å"Macbeth shall never vanquish’d be until Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill shall come against him.† (Ibid., 4.1, p.54). Basically, Macbeth is safe until the fores t turns into an army, which will never happen, at least so he thinks. Once again, Shakespeare’s brilliant mind finds a way to maintain the belief that fate rules our lives even in what appears to be an impossible situation. However, the forest does â€Å"come against him† because the soldiers carried tree branches toShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth s Fate823 Words   |  4 PagesTumbarello Macbeth’s Fate Was Macbeth’s fate chained to the prophecy that is destiny or did he have free will? Throughout The Tragedy of Macbeth, Shakespeare utilizes the battle between free will and destiny to make the reader question what the cause of Macbeth’s triumphs and ultimate demise was. Fate may come about in life, but it is ultimately up to a person’s own free will to make their own decisions. Macbeth’s fate in the play is determined by his own free will. Macbeth’s fate is determined byRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth : The Tragedy Of Fate Or Free Will1335 Words   |  6 Pagesthis tragic play by Shakespeare, Macbeth is faced with the question of fate or free will. While fate is a force or power that predetermines events, free will is the ability to decide actions according to oneself (Merriam-Webster Dictionary). Throughout the play, Macbeth’s choices were influenced by many other characters which in turn alter his future. In the opening of the play, there were the 3 witches who sparked his initial interest to become King. Then came Lady Macbeth who, by telling him herRead MoreMacbeth Themes899 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"What are the major themes in Macbeth† By Connor Maguire William Shakespeare’s Macbeth a play complete with many themes and viewpoints. The themes are exhibited by the main characters of the play, notably antagonist Macbeth. Themes seen in the play include ambition, where is is portrayed as both dangerous and unnatural. However, it does exist in both good and evil forms in the play. Another theme seen is whether Macbeths actions in the play are a result of fate, or free will. Although outsideRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1724 Words   |  7 Pages His definition of tragedy applies to William Shakespeare s play Macbeth. The play is about a hero who reaches a high position in the play and then falls because of his choices. Macbeth is a tragic hero according to Aristotle s aspects that make a tragedy. Macbeth is neither a villain nor a perfect character, he appears in the play in a high stature, he starts to make multiple mistakes and due to his actions, he causes his downfall. First of all, Macbeth is neither a villain nor a perfect heroRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth Essay1406 Words   |  6 PagesMacbeth Essay Since the beginning of time people looked up to the stars asking Gods their fate. Fate is a belief, that there is a set path for an event that is both unavoidable and inevitable, that there is a fixed natural order to the cosmos. In the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare, viewers can observe fate or (prophecy) playing a major role. William Shakespeare was born April 1564 and died May 1616, during his life Shakespeare wrote 37 plays, and 157 sonnets, Shakespeare is also knownRead More The Cause of Macbeths Destruction in William Shakespeares Macbeth1062 Words   |  5 PagesDestruction in William Shakespeares Macbeth      Ã‚   In William Shakespeares Macbeth, Macbeth was a well-respected man of noble birth, but his fortune was reversed after he turned to darkness. He plummeted endlessly into a chasm of evil until his corrupt life was ended on the edge of Macduffs blade. Whose actions opened up the path of darkness to Macbeth? Whose actions led to Macbeths demise? The answer is threefold. The weird sisters set Macbeths fate into motion. Lady Macbeth goaded herRead MoreGerald Deocariza Iii. Mrs. Jardine. English 3, Period 4.1161 Words   |  5 Pagesserious downfall and set as the protagonists of a dramatic tragedy. A tragic hero gets For example, William Shakespeare wrote a play called The Tragedy of Macbeth to show Macbeth’s uprisings and downfalls. Macbeth’s downfall results to wrong judgements that combines fate and external forces. If his downfalls does not kill him, his downfalls can cause the tragic hero to suffer for the rest of his life. Macbeth gains the utmost respect from other people; on the other hand, he also loses everything he gainedRead MoreEmma Roberts. Profesor Veach . English Composition I. January1031 Words   |  5 Pages1606 tragedy named, Macbeth, by William Shakespeare. The main character, a Scottish general named Macbeth, receives prophecies from a trio of witches that one day he will become the mighty King of Scotland. These witches, also know as the â€Å"weird sisters,† have a consequential effect on Macbeth. Shakespeare illustrated them to be hags, fascinating and frightening nymph-like creatures that appeals to ones interests in the demonic supernatural. The three weird sisters persuade Macbeth to terrible actsRead More Shakespeares Macbeth and Hamlet as Tragic Heroes Essay893 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth and Hamlet as Tragic Heroes      Ã‚   William Shakespeare has written many literary works - from his sonnets to his plays, each has its own individual characteristics.   One popular characteristic that comes from his plays is the tragic hero.   The audience can always relate to the tragic hero and the many trials he faces.   Macbeth and Hamlet are just two of Shakespeares plays that involve the tragic hero.   Through their nobility, tragic flaws, and dignity Macbeth and Hamlet prove to beRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hometown Of The English Language And The World s Best Dramatist1266 Words   |  6 Pages Although many knew him as a keen businessman in his hometown of Stratford, William Shakespeare is recognized as the greatest writer in the English language and the world s best dramatist. (www.goodreads.com) He wrote hundreds of songs, plays, books, and poems. During his time, his plays were well under-appreciated and a lot of his work did not appear until seven years after his death. Without Shakesp eare, the English language would have never expanded at the rate it did, erasing many common words

Santa Sangre by Alejandro Jodorowsky Impact of Parents’ Death on a Child Free Essays

Religiously grotesque and lustful, yet surrealistically beautiful is the film Santa Sangre (1989) by cult director Alejandro Jodorowsky. The film portrays, in a brutal manner, the impact brought upon the deaths of a mother and father unto a child left orphan. Leading role Fenix (Axel Jodorowsky), after witnessing his fathers’ suicide (slit throat) and later knowing that his father had cut-off his mother’s arms before slicing himself, grows up heavily traumatized. We will write a custom essay sample on Santa Sangre by Alejandro Jodorowsky: Impact of Parents’ Death on a Child or any similar topic only for you Order Now He is first shown in the film, in adulthood, inside of a mental institution, naked, eating a whole fish, uncooked. With this film you will take a plunge in cold, very deep water: so many colors and shapes; so many mysteries; fantastic and terrifying monsters; in short, the human mind. Alejandro Jodorowsky achieves another astonishing masterpiece by bringing his own personal background into the film. In his early years, he learned the arts of trapeze and miming; he even studied with the great Marcel Marceau. One of his first employers was a Circus in Chile, his hometown. There he took a job as a clown and started to absorb the mysterious ways and trickeries the public awes and cheers at circuses. Besides the colorful clowns and the saddening mimes, there is also another fundamental element that takes place in the film: religion. Fenix’s mother, Concha, is the religious and â€Å"moral† element in the film. She worships a Mexican church by the name of Santa Sangre (â€Å"Holy Blood†). She acquires a divine strength, or a dark power, that will forever haunt her orphan child, making the viewer think twice if the mother is in fact dead, alive, or a hallucination; or all three put together!. She lost her arms to her adulterous husband, but her son could still be of use, somehow; come to think of it, he still has a fresh pair of arms. The acclaim and height of this film comes not from the awards and/or nominations it has earned, but from the public itself, from the cult followers of this great and terror stricken director. Having directed cult movies like El Topo, in 1970, and The Holy Mountain, in 1973, in 1989 he comes back with Santa Sangre to give his audience another taste of surrealism and horror; of blood and family, which his followers then, would have expected nothing less than a great work of art. And it delivered, big time. The soundtrack really caught my interest and attention. I found it equally amazing and horrifying how the use of classic Latin hits made the movie even more haunting, more intriguing, more agitated. More importantly, was that the soundtrack brought in even more culture into the film. The music very much compensated the fact that the dialogues were all in English even though the film is set in Mexico and the majority of the cast is Hispanic. Anyway, if music is something that catches your attention, then I am sure you won’t mind me listing a few: â€Å"Besame Mucho† by Consuelo Velazquez, â€Å"Lupita† by Damaso Perez Prado, â€Å"Cucurrucucu paloma† by Tomas Mendez, and â€Å"Dejame Llorar† by Alfonso Esparza Oteo. The Internet Movie Database (www. imdb. com) is a pretty tough crowd when it comes to rating movies. IMDB hits this movie, with over 5000 voters, with a very accurate rating of 7. 6 out of 10. That is a pretty high rating when it comes to a terror film listed in IMDB. Moreover, acclaimed film critic Robert Ebert writes â€Å"Santa Sangre is a throwback to the golden age, to the days when filmmakers had bold individual visions and were not timidly trying to duplicate the latest mass-market formulas. † He is definitely right, so please: get up; buy; hit play. How to cite Santa Sangre by Alejandro Jodorowsky: Impact of Parents’ Death on a Child, Papers

Cryptography for Technology and Internet Services- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCryptography for Technology and Internet Based Services. Answer: Introduction With the modernisation of technology and Internet-based services, the risk of cybercrimes has grown significantly. People, companies, and government are under constant threat of cyber-attacks. Cybercriminals attack over the personal and sensitive data such as personal information, banking details, and national security secrets. Hackers use the popularity of social media websites and instant messaging application to collect the data of people and organisations. Most corporations and governments use various methods of security to protect their data from hackers, such as antivirus, firewalls, and data-in-motion. Cryptography is another method of protecting data from hackers, cryptography in a Greek word which means secret writing. Cryptography is a method of coding and decoding messages and data while transferring them, which protect the data from cloning by a hacker. If a corporation encrypts their data while transferring, then the receiver will require a password or secret key to open such data. With the growth of cyber-attacks, the relevancy of proper security mechanism is required for protection of data. The organisation can use cryptography to protect their data from hackers, but there are several problems in using cryptography. This essay will focus on analysing the benefits of cryptography from protecting the data from cybercriminals. The essay will discuss the requirement of cryptography and problems faced by organisations while using it as a security mechanism. Further, the essay will evaluate the role of cryptography in the future of data security. Role of Cryptography in Cyber Security The popularity of social media and internet-based services has grown rapidly in past decade, billions of people use them daily to communicate, share and create new content. According to Vacca (2012), many of the modern corporations are conducting their business through online portals. Organisations use the internet and cloud-based services to store data online which can be easily accessible through various networks. On-line services provide various benefits to companies such as essay accessibility, faster transfer, communications through different channels and ease in payment. The government of various nations uses online services to store national secrets and perform other activities. The popularity of internet-based services raised the risk of cyber-attacks, hackers attack over the data of corporations and government to gain their secret information which shows the requirement of a proper safety mechanism (Ling Masao 2011). In 2016, more than 3.1 billion records leaked by the cybercriminals, most of these breaches include data from organisation such as MySpace, Minecraft, Tumblr, Wendys Co. and Payroll. According to Morgan (2016), as compared to 2015, the number of cyber-attacks has grown 40 percent in 2016. Many individuals, corporations, and government face risk of cyber-attack and breach of data from cybercriminals. The amount spent by worldwide organisations over cybersecurity-related hardware has risen from US$62.2 billion in 2015 to US$73.7 billion in 2016; these numbers are expected to grow more than US$90 billion in 2018 (Kharif 2017). Cybercriminals attack over the personal data of individuals such as social security number, banking information and other private details to siphon money out of their accounts. Cybercriminals collect sensitive data of government such as public data, government secrets or even nuclear codes, which can be dangerous for national security, proving the relevancy a secu rity mechanism. Cryptography is a method of converting the data into gibberish which can only be understood by the person who has the secret key. According to Stallings Tahiliani (2014), the requirement of cryptography has gained in the modern world but the use of Cryptography become popular during the World War I and II. To avoid leaking their conversations and secrets to enemy soldiers, the army uses secret codes to communicate and share important information between each other. The person receiving the message must require having the secret codes to understand the secret message. In World War II, armies started using modern machinery to encrypt and decrypt their data for securing the information, such as German Lorenz cipher, Enigma, Fish and Short Weather Cipher. In the modern age, computers are getting smarter each day. It has become easier for hackers to easily gain the information of people, corporations, and governments; therefore, the requirement of encryption of data has risen significant ly. Many organisations and online services are already using cryptography to protect their data from cybercriminals (Joyner 2012). Julius Cease, a Roman politician, did not trust his messengers when he communicates important information to his generals, therefore, he changes all the alphabets with the third letter for example, he changes all A letter in his message with letter D and every B with an E and so on. By changing the alphabets like this, only the general who knew the shift by 3 rule was able to decrypt the message, cryptography works the same way. If any data can be read and understood by anyone without the requirement of any key is called plaintext or cleartext. As per Katz Lindell (2014), by hiding the substance or meaning of a plaintext by changing or converting the data is called encryption. The data which is encrypted turn the information into gibberish which is known as ciphertext. By encrypting any data, any person can ensure that such data can only be read by the person who has secret key or password. The process of converting a ciphertext into plaintext is called decryption of data. As per Forouzan Mukhopadhyay (2011), there are two primary reasons which show the requirement of information security in modern corporations. The first reason is the popularity of computers which completely changes the process of data storage. Traditionally, organisations store data in physical files and documents where the sensitive data can be secured by locking in the cabinets. But, with the introduction of computers, the requirement of automated devices for data protection has become mandatory. The second key reason, which increases the requirement of information security, is the introduction of distributed systems and the implementation of network and communication services. Organisations use network facilities to transfer and communicate the data between different terminal users. While communicating or transferring the data, network security is to require protecting the data from leaking. Cryptography uses logic and complex mathematics principles to encrypt any data, corporati ons, and individuals can transfer the data without worrying of leakage or cloning (Al-Hazaimeh 2013). There is three common type of cryptography used by organisations which includes a secret key, public key, and hash functions. Koblitz (2012) provided that in Secret-key cryptography, both the sender and receiver of the message have a secret key which can be used by them to decrypt the message. This method is effective if the communication is conducted between few people, in case of large networks, organisations cannot implement this strategy securely. In Public key cryptography, the key for encryption and decryption are different from one another and the key work in pairs. If the sender and receiver of such messages do not have a public key, then they can freely distribute the private key. In this method, various digital signatures are used such as RSA, digital signature algorithm, and various other standards. In Hash functions, a mathematical algorithm is used by the parties for permanent encryption of data. This is used by operating systems for document protection and encrypting th e passwords. In this method, various other security measures are used such as digital signature, secure hash algorithm, message digest, and RIPEMD (Kaur Kaur 2012). The benefits of using cryptography by organisation and governments include protection of data and services from leaking or cloning by cybercriminals. As per Lydersen et al. (2010), organisations can encrypt the information of their services for securing the transactions, for example, every single call made by users, every ATM card transaction, credit card usage or message send by people are encrypted by companies. Without a systematic encryption, the security of online and electronic transactions cannot be achieved by the corporations. The primary benefit of cryptography is complete data protection from breach or cloning by cybercriminals. By implementing correct encryption solutions, a corporation can protect the data even after the breach of their security framework. There are several ways through which hackers can collect the data of an organisation, but through encryption, accessing the data became considerably difficult for cybercriminals. As per Kahate (2013), another benefit of cryptography is that it provides security through multiple devices for users. The popularity of smartphones and computer has risen significantly in past few decades; more than 2.32 billion people use smartphones in 2017. Due to their popularity, smartphones are preferred target for cybercriminals. Smartphones contain sensitive and personal information of its user which can be used by hackers to gain an unfair advantage. Many corporations face difficulty in maintaining the security of data while storing and transmitting the information through these devices. Carlet (2010) provided that by encrypting the data, a corporation can ensure the security of their information in various devices. With the popularity of the internet and network-based services, transmitting data securely through these channels has been difficult for the organisation. The security of data became most vulnerable during the transmission procedure which makes it the perfect ti me for cybercriminals to attack. Cryptography ensures the security of data when it is being transmitted through various channels. Files or information that is shared or uploaded by individuals or organisations over cloud systems can be protected through cryptography. Cryptography is used by governments of various nations due to its various benefits; it assists government and corporations in maintaining the integrity of data while transmitting it through different channels. As per Jonsson et al. (2016), although data theft is one of the key problems, many hackers knowingly alter the data for conducting fraud. Cryptography ensures that the cybercriminals are not able to alter or tamper with the important data. Due to the high risk of data theft, IT corporations are required to fulfill certain compliances for ensuring the data security. Cryptography is one of the safest methods of transferring or storing the data which help the organisation in complying with various requirements such as FIPS, HIPAA, FISMA and Gramm-Leach Bliley (Ramsey Shankar 2017). Basis data protection is one of the most crucial requirements for every corporation and cryptography provides such security to companies. Encryption is one of the best methods of protecting the data of corporations, for example, it provides security from leakage and cloning, secure the data across all devices, provide security while transmitting, ensure integrity and fulfillment of compliance. There are several benefits of using cryptography for security but there are numerous disadvantages as well. For example, a legitimate receiver may find it difficult to access the data at a particular time if such data is authentic, digitally signed and strongly encrypted by the sender. According to Buchmann (2013), the basis of encryption depends upon the secret key if the corporation's losses such key or if cybercriminals gain access to such key than they can easily gain access to such data. In case of individuals, many people forgot their passwords which make it impossible for them to gain access to their data. The security of encryption is almost always vulnerable to brute force attack that is a method of finding the key for encrypting by the hackers. Another disadvantage of cryptography is that it does not provide security against the vulnerabilities and risks that arise due to poor design of systems. As per Van Dijk Juels (2010), one encryption system cannot apply to all systems, corporations are required to analyse their system and use encryption according to their requirements. Cryptography also requires a high expenditure of money and time, encrypting and decrypting a data every time can waste the time of corporations and the software of encryption and decryption is also expensive. It also requires the cooperation of two individuals for an encryption to work properly. Both parties must have access to secret key and mistake of one company can cause damage to both organisations data (Van Tilborg Jajodia 2014). Encryption cannot guarantee that complete data will be protected from leakage or cloning while communicating or transferring it between two sources. Every organisation requires analysing their requirement and adopts an encryption strategy according to such requirements. According to Kranakis (2013), one of the primary mistakes that corporations made is considering that encryption as a solution to every online security threat. Encryption can protect the data of organisations but it is not a single solution for every security requirements. For example, encryption can protect the data while it is in transit, but other than that cybercriminals can use various other methods to gain unauthorised access to corporations data. Another example is that if the secret key for decrypting the data is compromised or the hackers create a similar key to decrypt the data then encryption cannot protect the data of organisation. In modern times, the Data Encryption Standard (DES) is globally acceptable by corporations with few expectations. As per Maurer Renner (2011), most of the governments communications, banking facilities, satellite communications and computer systems are based upon DES for security. In the future, the requirement and usage of cryptography will be increased due to the requirement of informations security. Cryptography has been around for centuries and it has been updated through time. As per the future threats, the technology of cryptography will adapt according to it. For example, Quantum Cryptography is the future of encryption which ensures the security of data. Instead of storing data in binary form, that is 1 and 0; the quantum computer will store the data in quantum bits or qubits. According to Bennett Brassard (2014), to encrypt such data which will be magnitude faster than todays standard, the requirement of Quantum Cryptography will increase. Quantum encryption will protect t he data of future computers from cyber threats and hackers and it will be faster than todays encryption procedure. Conclusion In conclusion, the risk of cyber-attacks and data breaches has grown significantly in past decade which shows the requirement of information security. Cryptography can be considered as the cornerstone of information security which protects data through encryption, after encryption only the person with the secret key can access such information. Modern organisations, government, and individuals are protecting their data from cyber criminals by using cryptography. There are several benefits of cryptography such as data protection, secure transaction, data integrity and security over multiple devices. There are some drawbacks of cryptography as well, such as poor planning can lead to unsuccessful encryption, it is a time and cost expensive procedure and it is ineffective if the secret key is compromised. Therefore, companies are requiring analysing their requirement to implement an effective encryption system. The drawbacks of cryptography can be overcome by proper implementation of enc ryption procedure. In the future, the relevancy of cryptography will be increased as per the advancement in technology, such as Quantum Cryptography. Therefore, cryptography can be considered as cornerstone which can solve various problems of information security. References Al-Hazaimeh, O. M. A. (2013). A new approach for complex encrypting and decrypting data.International Journal of Computer Networks Communications,5(2), 95. Bennett, C. H., Brassard, G. (2014). Quantum cryptography: Public key distribution and coin tossing.Theoretical computer science,560, 7-11. Buchmann, J. (2013).Introduction to cryptography. Springer Science Business Media. Carlet, C. (2010). Boolean functions for cryptography and error correcting codes.Boolean models and methods in mathematics, computer science, and engineering,2, 257-397. Forouzan, B. A., Mukhopadhyay, D. (2011).Cryptography And Network Security (Sie). McGraw-Hill Education. Jonsson, J., Moriarty, K., Kaliski, B., Rusch, A. (2016). PKCS# 1: RSA Cryptography Specifications Version 2.2. Joyner, D. (Ed.). (2012).Coding theory and cryptography: from Enigma and Geheimschreiber to quantum theory. Springer Science Business Media. Kahate, A. (2013).Cryptography and network security. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Katz, J., Lindell, Y. (2014).Introduction to modern cryptography. CRC press. Kaur, R., Kaur, A. (2012, September). Digital signature. InComputing Sciences (ICCS), 2012 International Conference on(pp. 295-301). IEEE. Kharif, O. (2017). 2016 Was a Record Year for Data Breaches. Bloomberg Technology. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-19/data-breaches-hit-record-in-2016-as-dnc-wendy-s-co-hacked Koblitz, N. (2012).Algebraic aspects of cryptography(Vol. 3). Springer Science Business Media. Kranakis, E. (2013).Primality and cryptography. Springer-Verlag. Ling, A. P. A., Masao, M. (2011). Grid Information Security Functional Requirement-Fulfilling Information Security of a Smart Grid System.arXiv preprint arXiv:1108.0267. Lydersen, L., Wiechers, C., Wittmann, C., Elser, D., Skaar, J., Makarov, V. (2010). Hacking commercial quantum cryptography systems by tailored bright illumination.Nature photonics,4(10), 686-689. Maurer, U., Renner, R. (2011). Abstract cryptography. InIn Innovations in Computer Science. Morgan, L. (2016). List of data breaches and cyber-attacks in 2016 3.1 billion records leaked. IT Governance. Retrieved from https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/blog/list-of-data-breaches-and-cyber-attacks-in-2016-1-6-billion-records-leaked/ Ramsey, S., Shankar, A. (2017). HIPAA and FISMA: Computing with Regulated Data (A CCoE Webinar Presentation). Stallings, W., Tahiliani, M. P. (2014).Cryptography and network security: principles and practice(Vol. 6). London: Pearson. Vacca, J. R. (2012).Computer and information security handbook. Newnes. Van Dijk, M., Juels, A. (2010). On the impossibility of cryptography alone for privacy-preserving cloud computing.HotSec,10, 1-8. Van Tilborg, H. C., Jajodia, S. (Eds.). (2014).Encyclopedia of cryptography and security. Springer Science Business Media.